迷幻剂

迷幻剂

迷幻剂 are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their own thoughts and feelings. 它们通常分为 两类: 经典的迷幻剂 (如LSD)和 游离的药物 (如PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause sensations and images that seem 虽然不是真的. 

Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and some are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes.

常见的经典致幻剂包括:

• LSD (d -麦角酸二乙胺) 是最强大的改变思维的化学物质之一吗. 它是一种透明的或白色的无味物 material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. 
• Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of 南美洲，墨西哥和美国. 
• 仙人掌(三甲) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main ingredient. 佩奥特也可以 be synthetic. 
• DMT (N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. 死藤水是一种茶 made from such plants, and when taken in this form it is also known as hoasca, aya, and yagé. 人们也可以在实验室里制造DMT. 合成DMT通常采用这种形式 烟熏的白色结晶粉末.
• 251-NBOMe is a synthetic hallucinogen with similarities both to LSD and MDMA (see DrugFacts: MDMA)，但药效更强. 开发用于大脑研究，出售时 它有时被非法地称为N弹或251.

Common examples of 游离的药物 include the following:

• PCP (苯环己哌啶) was developed in the 1950s as a general anesthetic for surgery, but it is no longer 用于此目的，由于严重的副作用. PCP可以在各种 forms, including tablets or capsules; however, liquid and white crystal powder are 最常见的.
• Ketamine is used as a surgery anesthetic for humans and animals. 大部分氯胺酮都卖出去了 非法来自兽医办公室. 它主要以粉末或药片的形式出售，但是 它也可用作注射液体. 氯胺酮是用鼻吸或有时加入的 把酒当成约会强奸的药. 
• 右美沙芬(DXM) is a cough suppressant and mucus-clearing ingredient in some over-the-counter cold and cough medicines (syrups, tablets, and gel capsules). 
• Salvia (鼠尾草divinorum) is a plant common to southern Mexico and Central and South America. 鼠尾草通常是 ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted juices. The dried leaves of salvia can also be smoked or vaporized and inhaled. 

迷幻药

Ketamine was approved many years ago as an anesthetic for painful medical procedures. In March 2019, the medicine esketamine (called “Spravato” by the manufacturer) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for severe depression 对其他治疗无效的患者. 艾氯胺酮与之密切相关 to the drug ketamine which is used illicitly and so there are concerns about the potential 滥用这种新批准的药物. 作为回应，艾氯胺酮将受到限制 医疗机构的管理.

Unlike a prescription that can be taken home and might be diverted into recreational use, esketamine will be administered in a medical office as a nasal spray. Patients must wait at least 2 hours under 医务监督 to ensure proper management of 潜在的副作用. It is a rapid acting medication, so improvements may be seen immediately or within the first few weeks of treatment (unlike most other antidepressants 这可能需要几周才能开始显示效果). 传统抗抑郁药物的目标 the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine. 艾氯胺酮影响 receptor for a different brain chemical called glutamate and so it represents a new 治疗抑郁症的方法.

There is also some evidence that psilocybin may be effective in treating depression and anxiety. The FDA has granted “Breakthrough Therapy” designation for two formulations of psilocybin being studied for safety and efficacy as a medical treatment for depression. It’s important to note that during such studies, psilocybin is always taken under 医务监督.

经典致幻剂的作用

短期效应

Classic hallucinogens can cause users to see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations 看似真实但并不存在的东西. 效果通常在20到90分钟内开始 and can last as long as 12 hours in some cases (LSD) or as short as 15 minutes in 其他(合成DMT). Hallucinogen users refer to the experiences brought on by 这些药物被称为“旅行”." If the experience is unpleasant, users sometimes call it a "bad trip."

Along with 幻觉, other short-term general effects include:

• 心率加快
• nausea
• intensified feelings and sensory experiences (such as seeing brighter colors)
• changes in sense of time (for example, the feeling that time is passing by slowly)

Specific short-term effects of some hallucinogens include:

• increased blood pressure, breathing rate, or body temperature
• 食欲不振
• dry mouth
• 睡眠问题
• 精神体验
• 放松的感觉
• 不协调的动作
• 过度出汗
• panic
• paranoia——对他人极端而无理的不信任
• psychosis——脱离现实的混乱思维
• 奇怪的行为

长期影响

Two long-term effects have been associated with use of 经典的迷幻剂, although 这些影响是罕见的.

• 持续的精神病一系列持续的精神问题，包括:
  • 视觉障碍
  • 思维紊乱
  • paranoia
  • mood changes
• 致幻剂持续知觉障碍(HPPD)—recurrences of certain drug experiences, such as 幻觉 or other 视觉障碍. These flashbacks often happen without warning and may occur within a few days or more 比吸毒后一年多. These symptoms are sometimes mistaken for other disorders, 比如中风或脑瘤.

Both conditions are seen more often in people who have a history of mental illness, but they can happen to anyone, even after using hallucinogens one time. For HPDD, some antidepressant and antipsychotic medications can be used to improve mood and 治疗精神病. Behavioral therapies can be used to help people cope with fear or 与视觉障碍有关的混乱.

解离致幻剂的作用

Dissociative drug effects can appear within a few minutes and can last several hours in some cases; some users report experiencing drug effects for days.

效果取决于用量的多少. 低、中剂量的解离性药物 can cause:

• numbness
• 迷失方向和丧失协调能力
• 幻觉
• increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature

In high doses, 游离的药物 can cause the following effects:

• memory loss
• 恐慌和焦虑
• seizures
• 精神病症状
• amnesia
• 不能移动
• mood swings
• 呼吸困难

解离性药物的长期作用

More research is needed on the long-term effects of 游离的药物. Researchers 你知道反复使用PCP会上瘾吗. 其他长期影响可能还会继续 停止使用后一年或更长时间，包括:

• 语言问题
• memory loss
• weight loss
• anxiety
• 抑郁和自杀念头

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department 卫生与公众服务部.